Passive Voice

Sekilas tentang Passive Voice

Passive voice merupakan suatu bentuk gramatikal dimana subject menerima aksi / ditindaklanjuti oleh agent lain. Rumus umum dari konstruksi ini yaitu: S + auxiliary verb + past participle. Penjelasan lebih lengkap dapat dilihat di Pengertian, Rumus, dan Contoh serta Penggunaan dan Contoh Passive Voice.

Ada beberapa bentuk umum yang sering digunakan dalam membentuk passive voice. Yang membedakan adalah waktu berlangsungnya kejadian yang diterangkan, sudah terjadi, sedang terjadi atau akan terjadi. Beberapa diantaranya yang sering digunakan adalah sebagai berikut:

No.	Struktur	Maksud…
1.	S + is/am/are/was/were + V3	di [...]
2.	S + is/am/are/was/were + being + V3	sedang [...]
3.	S + has/have/had + been + V3	telah di [...]
4.	S + will/shall/can/may/must, etc + V3	akan/dapat/mungkin/pasti di [...]

Yang paling penting di ingat sebelum kita mencoba membuat passive voice dan kalimat ungkapan lainnya (dalam bahasa inggris) adalah penggunaan to be pada subjek.

I (am/was, have/had) / khusus

He, she, it ( is/was, has/had) /tunggal

They, we, you (are/were, have/had) / jamak

Transformasi Active menjadi Passive Voice

Active “normal” voice dapat ditransformasi atau dirubah bentuknya menjadi passive dengan tahapan sebagai berikut.

Active Voice	—>	Passive Voice
Subject (doer of action) + action verb + Object (receiver of action)	—>	Subject (receiver of action) + auxiliary verb* + past participle +/- by …(doer of action)

Penjelasan mengenai auxiliary verb yang digunakan pada dapat dilihat pada bagian pendahuluan.

Contoh:

• Julia wrote the report. —> The report was written by Julia
• I have made a decision. —> A decision has been made by me.

Penggunaan dan Contoh

Beberapa penggunaan dan contoh perubahan kalimat aktif menjadi pasif adalah sebagai berikut.

Penggunaan	Contoh
	Active Voice	Passive Voice
digunakan ketika doer of action (pelaku aksi) tidak diketahui.	Someone knocked on your door last night.	Your door was knocked on last night.
	Somebody has used the computer without permission	The computer has been used without permission.
digunakan ketika doer of action tidak penting untuk disebutkan. Misalnya karena pelaku aksi tersebut sudah jelas / bisa ditebak atau merujuk kepada orang secara umum.	You can view the results on the web.	The final results can be viewed on the web.
	People seldom do physical exercises regularly.	Physical exercises are seldom done regularly.
	The teacher instructed the students to solve the math problem.	The students were instructed to solve the math problem.
digunakan untuk memberi penekanan pada object	Sunmark Press published The Enzyme Factor at the first time in 2005.	The Enzyme Factor was published at the first time in 2005 by Sunmark Press.
	I have to collect more than 20,000 dollars to buy the car.	More than 20,000 dollars have to be collected** to buy the car.
digunakan sebagai variasi pada tulisan. Misalnya pelaku aksi telah disebutkan pada kalimat sebelumnya.	KPK investigators knew that Neneng Sri Wahyuni returned to Indonesia. They arrested the woman on June 13.	KPK investigators knew that Neneng Sri Wahyuni returned to Indonesia. The woman was arrested on June 13.

Rumus dan Contoh Passive Voice pada Tenses

Auxiliary untuk membentuk konstruksi pasif pada tenses dapat berupa auxiliary be (is, are, was, were), kombinasi antara dua primary auxiliary (is/are being, was/were being, has/have been), atau antara primary auxiliary dengan modal verb (will be, will have been). Auxialiary tersebut kemudian dipadukan dengan past participle untuk membentuk passive verb form. Adapun rumus dan contoh passive voice pada beberapa macam tenses dapat dilihat pada tabel sebagai berikut.

Tenses		Rumus	Contoh
Present	Simple	am/is/are + past participle	The crafts are made of wood.
	Continuous	am/is/are + being + past participle	The room is being cleaned.
	Perfect	has/have + been + past participle	Your requests have been approved.
Past	Simple	was/were + past participle	The mansion was built in 1990.
	Continuous	was/were + being + past participle	Your gown was being washed.
	Perfect	had + been+ past participle	The fence had been painted in green.
Future	Simple	will + be + past participle	The packet will be sent immediately.
	Perfect	will + have + been + past participle	The article will have been read ninety times.

  

Catatan:

Bentuk pasif dari perfect continuous sebaiknya dihindari karena rumit dan tidak elegan.

Passive Voice pada Infinitive

Bentuk pasif dari Infinitive phrase (frasa infinitive) dapat berperan sebagai subject, object, maupun modifier pada suatu kalimat. Rumus dan contoh bentuk pasif pada infinitive adalah sebagai berikut.

(to) be + past participle

Contoh:

• To be accompanied with him is a bad idea. (Subject)
• Everyone needs to be loved. (Object)
• He is the man to be trusted for all the things. (Modifier)

Passive Voice pada Gerund

Bentuk pasif pada gerund dapat berfungsi sebagai subject, object, maupun object of preposition dalam suatu kalimat. Berikut rumus dan contoh bentuk pasif pada gerund.

being + past participle

Contoh:

• Being accompanied with him is a bad idea. (Subject)
• My brother enjoyed being taken to the beach. (Object)
• My brother’s happy of being taken to the beach. (Object of preposition)

Passive Voice: Use

The passive voice is used when:

We do not know who did the action

Example: The documents were stolen. (we don’t know who stole the document.

The receiver of the action is more important

Example: The pyramids were built nearly 5,000 years ago by the ancient Egyptians.
(we want to emphasize “pyramids” more than “ancient Egyptians”)

Passive Voice: Form

To change an active voice sentence to a passive voice sentence:

1. Make the object of the active sentence into the subject of the passive sentence.
2. Use the verb “to be” in the same tense as the main verb of the active sentence.
3. Use the past participle of the main verb of the active sentence.

Passive Voice: Present

In the present, the passive voice uses the verbs is and are + past participle of the main verb.

The passive voice present is often used to describe:

• Processes
  First the apples are picked, then they are cleaned, and finally they’re packed and shipped to the market.
• General thoughts, opinions, and beliefs

New York is considered the most diverse city in the U.S.
It is believed that Amelia Earhart’s plane crashed in Pacific Ocean.
Hungarian is seen as one of the world’s most difficult languages to learn.
Skin cancers are thought to be caused by excessive exposure to the sun.

Passive Voice: Past

In the past, the passive voice uses the verbs was and were + past participle of the main verb. The passive voice past is often used to describe:

• Events in history

George Washington was elected president in 1788. 

• Crimes / Accidents

Two people were killed in a drive-by shooting on Friday night.
Ten children were injured when part of the school roof collapsed.

Sumber :

http://www.espressoenglish.net/passive-voice-examples-exercises-present-past/

http://www.siputro.com/2012/09/rumus-passive-voice/

http://www.wordsmile.com/passive-voice-tenses-infinitive-gerund